Barrett’s esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which abnormal cells develop on the inner lining of the lower part of the gullet (esophagus). The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Barrett’s esophagus is not in itself a cancerous condition, but over a period of time it can occasionally … Continue reading
Heart Defect – Comparison by Diagrame
Atrial Septal Defect Image taken from http://www.web-books.com/ Pulmonary Stenosis Venticular Septal Defect Image taken from ttp://www.web-books.com/ Coarctation of Aorta Patent Ductus Arterosus diagramme taken from http://www.maxshouse.com/Cardiology/myocardial_diseases_of_the_ cat.htm
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot involves four defects: 1. A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2. Pulmonary stenosis 3. Right ventricular hypertrophy 4. An overriding aorta Ventricular Septal Defect The heart has a wall that separates the chambers on its left side from those on its right side. This wall is called a septum. The septum … Continue reading
Fetal Circulation
During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta, the organ that develops and implants in the mother’s uterus during pregnancy. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus receives all the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the … Continue reading
Hemorrhagic Stroke (Pathology of Nervous System)
Image taken from http://www.merck.com A hemorrhagic stroke is damage to brain tissue resulting from bleeding inside the skull. There are two main types of hemorrhagic strokes: intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage occur within the brain while subarachnoid hemorrhage occur within a space between pia and arachnoid mater of the tissue covering the brain … Continue reading
Extra Class for Pathology
For those who are taking pathophysiology subjects, please be inform that we have an additional classes on basic pathology. The detail is as below; 31st of July, 1st, 7th and 8th of August 2008 5-7pm Theater Hall Attendance is compulsory.
Histology of Trachea
Image taken from http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au After inhaled air has passed through the nose, pharynx, and larynx, it enters the trachea. The trachea is a thick-walled tube, some 12 cm in length, that directs air down toward the pair of primary bronchi that enter the lung. The trachea’s inner surface, facing the lumen, is lined by a … Continue reading
Overview of the Heart
Anatomy Size, shape, location and orientation Covering of the heart Pericardium fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium Visceral layer (epicardium) *pericardial cavity between parietal & visceral layer Layers of heart wall. Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium 4 heart chambers Rt ventricle Lt ventricle Rt atrium Lt atrium Pathway of blood through the heart Systemic circulation Pulmonary circulation Coronary circulation … Continue reading
Venous Drainage of the Heart
About 2/3 of the venous drainage of the heart is achieved by veins whcich accompany the coronary arteries and which open into the right atrium. The rest of the blood drains by means of small veins (called as venae cordis minimae) directly into the cardiac cavity. By looking at the posterior aspect of the heart, … Continue reading
Esophagus (review of anatomy & physiology)
Anatomy The esophagus develops from the cranial portion of the foregut and is recognizable by the 3rd week of gestation. The normal esophagus is a hollow, highly distensible muscular tube that extends from the epiglottis in the pharynx, at about the level of C6 vertebra, to the gastroesophageal junction at the level of the T11 … Continue reading
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