Overview of the Heart
Anatomy
- Size, shape, location and orientation
- Covering of the heart
- Pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- Visceral layer (epicardium)
- *pericardial cavity between parietal & visceral layer
- Layers of heart wall.
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
- 4 heart chambers
- Rt ventricle
- Lt ventricle
- Rt atrium
- Lt atrium
- Pathway of blood through the heart
- Systemic circulation
- Pulmonary circulation
- Coronary circulation
- Coronary arteries
- Coronary veins
- Heart valves
- Mitral (bicuspid)
- Tricuspid (tricups)
- Aortic (tricups)
- Pulmonary (tricups)
- Surface anatomy
- The valves
- Apex
- Point of maximum intensity
Physiology
- Properties of cardiac muscle
- Conducting system of the heart
- Intrinsic innervation
- SA node
- 3 Internodal pathyway (anterior, middle, posterior)
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Purkinje fibers
- Extrinsic innervation
- Para sympathetic (cardioinhibitory center)
- Sympathetic (cardioacceleratory center)
- ECG
- Cardiac cycle
- Atrial & ventricles dystole (atrial & ventricular filling)
- Atrial systole, ventricles dystole (ventricular filling)
- Atrial dystole, ventricles systole (ventricular ejection & atrial filling)
- Heart sounds
- Stroke volume, cardiac output and heart beat
- Stroke volume, SV = EDV – ESV=120ml – 50ml = 70ml per beat
- Heart Rate, HR = 72~75 beats per min
- Cardiac output, CO = Heart Rate, HR x SV = 75 beats x 70ml = 5.25 L/min
- Regulation of stroke volume
- Preload: degree of stretch of heart muscle
- Contractility
- Afterload: back pressure exerted by arterial blood
- Regulation of heart rate
- ANS
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
- Chemical regulation
- Hormones (epinephrine, thyroxine)
- Ions
- age, gender, exercise, temperature, etc
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